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Scalar Functions

Math Functions​

abs​

Returns the absolute value of a number.

abs(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

acos​

Returns the arc cosine or inverse cosine of a number.

acos(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

acosh​

Returns the area hyperbolic cosine or inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number.

acosh(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

asin​

Returns the arc sine or inverse sine of a number.

asin(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

asinh​

Returns the area hyperbolic sine or inverse hyperbolic sine of a number.

asinh(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

atan​

Returns the arc tangent or inverse tangent of a number.

atan(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

atan2​

Returns the arc tangent or inverse tangent of expression_y / expression_x.

atan2(expression_y, expression_x)

Arguments​

  • expression_y: First numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators.
  • expression_x: Second numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators.

atanh​

Returns the area hyperbolic tangent or inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number.

atanh(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

cbrt​

Returns the cube root of a number.

cbrt(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

ceil​

Returns the nearest integer greater than or equal to a number.

ceil(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

cos​

Returns the cosine of a number.

cos(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

cosh​

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number.

cosh(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

cot​

Returns the cotangent of a number.

cot(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

degrees​

Converts radians to degrees.

degrees(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

exp​

Returns the base-e exponential of a number.

exp(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

factorial​

Factorial. Returns 1 if value is less than 2.

factorial(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

floor​

Returns the nearest integer less than or equal to a number.

floor(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

gcd​

Returns the greatest common divisor of expression_x and expression_y. Returns 0 if both inputs are zero.

gcd(expression_x, expression_y)

Arguments​

  • expression_x: First numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • expression_y: Second numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

isnan​

Returns true if a given number is +NaN or -NaN otherwise returns false.

isnan(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

iszero​

Returns true if a given number is +0.0 or -0.0 otherwise returns false.

iszero(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

lcm​

Returns the least common multiple of expression_x and expression_y. Returns 0 if either input is zero.

lcm(expression_x, expression_y)

Arguments​

  • expression_x: First numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • expression_y: Second numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

ln​

Returns the natural logarithm of a number.

ln(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

log​

Returns the base-x logarithm of a number. Can either provide a specified base, or if omitted then takes the base-10 of a number.

log(base, numeric_expression)
log(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • base: Base numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

log10​

Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number.

log10(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

log2​

Returns the base-2 logarithm of a number.

log2(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

nanvl​

Returns the first argument if it's not NaN. Returns the second argument otherwise.

nanvl(expression_x, expression_y)

Arguments​

  • expression_x: Numeric expression to return if it's not NaN. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators.
  • expression_y: Numeric expression to return if the first expression is NaN. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators.

pi​

Returns an approximate value of π.

pi()

pow​

Alias of power.

power​

Returns a base expression raised to the power of an exponent.

power(base, exponent)

Arguments​

  • base: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • exponent: Exponent numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Aliases​

  • pow

radians​

Converts degrees to radians.

radians(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

random​

Returns a random float value in the range [0, 1). The random seed is unique to each row.

random()

round​

Rounds a number to the nearest integer.

round(numeric_expression[, decimal_places])

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • decimal_places: Optional. The number of decimal places to round to. Defaults to 0.

signum​

Returns the sign of a number. Negative numbers return -1. Zero and positive numbers return 1.

signum(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

sin​

Returns the sine of a number.

sin(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

sinh​

Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number.

sinh(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

sqrt​

Returns the square root of a number.

sqrt(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

tan​

Returns the tangent of a number.

tan(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

tanh​

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number.

tanh(numeric_expression)

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

trunc​

Truncates a number to a whole number or truncated to the specified decimal places.

trunc(numeric_expression[, decimal_places])

Arguments​

  • numeric_expression: Numeric expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • decimal_places: Optional. The number of decimal places to truncate to. Defaults to 0 (truncate to a whole number). If decimal_places is a positive integer, truncates digits to the right of the decimal point. If decimal_places is a negative integer, replaces digits to the left of the decimal point with 0.

Conditional Functions​

coalesce​

Returns the first of its arguments that is not null. Returns null if all arguments are null. This function is often used to substitute a default value for null values.

coalesce(expression1[, ..., expression_n])

Arguments​

  • expression1, expression_n: Expression to use if previous expressions are null. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. Pass as many expression arguments as necessary.

Example​

> select coalesce(null, null, 'datafusion');
+----------------------------------------+
| coalesce(NULL,NULL,Utf8("datafusion")) |
+----------------------------------------+
| datafusion                             |
+----------------------------------------+

greatest​

Returns the greatest value in a list of expressions. Returns null if all expressions are null.

greatest(expression1[, ..., expression_n])

Arguments​

  • expression1, expression_n: Expressions to compare and return the greatest value.. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. Pass as many expression arguments as necessary.

Example​

> select greatest(4, 7, 5);
+---------------------------+
| greatest(4,7,5)           |
+---------------------------+
| 7                         |
+---------------------------+

ifnull​

Alias of nvl.

least​

Returns the smallest value in a list of expressions. Returns null if all expressions are null.

least(expression1[, ..., expression_n])

Arguments​

  • expression1, expression_n: Expressions to compare and return the smallest value. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. Pass as many expression arguments as necessary.

Example​

> select least(4, 7, 5);
+---------------------------+
| least(4,7,5)              |
+---------------------------+
| 4                         |
+---------------------------+

nullif​

Returns null if expression1 equals expression2; otherwise it returns expression1. This can be used to perform the inverse operation of coalesce.

nullif(expression1, expression2)

Arguments​

  • expression1: Expression to compare and return if equal to expression2. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • expression2: Expression to compare to expression1. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select nullif('datafusion', 'data');
+-----------------------------------------+
| nullif(Utf8("datafusion"),Utf8("data")) |
+-----------------------------------------+
| datafusion                              |
+-----------------------------------------+
> select nullif('datafusion', 'datafusion');
+-----------------------------------------------+
| nullif(Utf8("datafusion"),Utf8("datafusion")) |
+-----------------------------------------------+
|                                               |
+-----------------------------------------------+

nvl​

Returns expression2 if expression1 is NULL otherwise it returns expression1.

nvl(expression1, expression2)

Arguments​

  • expression1: Expression to return if not null. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • expression2: Expression to return if expr1 is null. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select nvl(null, 'a');
+---------------------+
| nvl(NULL,Utf8("a")) |
+---------------------+
| a                   |
+---------------------+\
> select nvl('b', 'a');
+--------------------------+
| nvl(Utf8("b"),Utf8("a")) |
+--------------------------+
| b                        |
+--------------------------+

Aliases​

  • ifnull

nvl2​

Returns expression2 if expression1 is not NULL; otherwise it returns expression3.

nvl2(expression1, expression2, expression3)

Arguments​

  • expression1: Expression to test for null. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • expression2: Expression to return if expr1 is not null. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • expression3: Expression to return if expr1 is null. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select nvl2(null, 'a', 'b');
+--------------------------------+
| nvl2(NULL,Utf8("a"),Utf8("b")) |
+--------------------------------+
| b                              |
+--------------------------------+
> select nvl2('data', 'a', 'b');
+----------------------------------------+
| nvl2(Utf8("data"),Utf8("a"),Utf8("b")) |
+----------------------------------------+
| a                                      |
+----------------------------------------+

String Functions​

ascii​

Returns the Unicode character code of the first character in a string.

ascii(str)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select ascii('abc');
+--------------------+
| ascii(Utf8("abc")) |
+--------------------+
| 97                 |
+--------------------+
> select ascii('🚀');
+-------------------+
| ascii(Utf8("🚀")) |
+-------------------+
| 128640            |
+-------------------+

Related functions:

bit_length​

Returns the bit length of a string.

bit_length(str)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select bit_length('datafusion');
+--------------------------------+
| bit_length(Utf8("datafusion")) |
+--------------------------------+
| 80                             |
+--------------------------------+

Related functions:

btrim​

Trims the specified trim string from the start and end of a string. If no trim string is provided, all whitespace is removed from the start and end of the input string.

btrim(str[, trim_str])

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • trim_str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators. Default is whitespace characters.

Example​

> select btrim('__datafusion____', '_');
+-------------------------------------------+
| btrim(Utf8("__datafusion____"),Utf8("_")) |
+-------------------------------------------+
| datafusion                                |
+-------------------------------------------+

Alternative Syntax​

trim(BOTH trim_str FROM str)
trim(trim_str FROM str)

Aliases​

  • trim

Related functions:

char_length​

Alias of character_length.

character_length​

Returns the number of characters in a string.

character_length(str)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select character_length('Ångström');
+------------------------------------+
| character_length(Utf8("Ångström")) |
+------------------------------------+
| 8                                  |
+------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • length
  • char_length

Related functions:

chr​

Returns the character with the specified ASCII or Unicode code value.

chr(expression)

Arguments​

  • expression: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select chr(128640);
+--------------------+
| chr(Int64(128640)) |
+--------------------+
| 🚀                 |
+--------------------+

Related functions:

concat​

Concatenates multiple strings together.

concat(str[, ..., str_n])

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • str_n: Subsequent string expressions to concatenate.

Example​

> select concat('data', 'f', 'us', 'ion');
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| concat(Utf8("data"),Utf8("f"),Utf8("us"),Utf8("ion")) |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| datafusion                                            |
+-------------------------------------------------------+

Related functions:

concat_ws​

Concatenates multiple strings together with a specified separator.

concat_ws(separator, str[, ..., str_n])

Arguments​

  • separator: Separator to insert between concatenated strings.
  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • str_n: Subsequent string expressions to concatenate.

Example​

> select concat_ws('_', 'data', 'fusion');
+--------------------------------------------------+
| concat_ws(Utf8("_"),Utf8("data"),Utf8("fusion")) |
+--------------------------------------------------+
| data_fusion                                      |
+--------------------------------------------------+

Related functions:

contains​

Return true if search_str is found within string (case-sensitive).

contains(str, search_str)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • search_str: The string to search for in str.

Example​

> select contains('the quick brown fox', 'row');
+---------------------------------------------------+
| contains(Utf8("the quick brown fox"),Utf8("row")) |
+---------------------------------------------------+
| true                                              |
+---------------------------------------------------+

ends_with​

Tests if a string ends with a substring.

ends_with(str, substr)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • substr: Substring to test for.

Example​

>  select ends_with('datafusion', 'soin');
+--------------------------------------------+
| ends_with(Utf8("datafusion"),Utf8("soin")) |
+--------------------------------------------+
| false                                      |
+--------------------------------------------+
> select ends_with('datafusion', 'sion');
+--------------------------------------------+
| ends_with(Utf8("datafusion"),Utf8("sion")) |
+--------------------------------------------+
| true                                       |
+--------------------------------------------+

find_in_set​

Returns a value in the range of 1 to N if the string str is in the string list strlist consisting of N substrings.

find_in_set(str, strlist)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to find in strlist.
  • strlist: A string list is a string composed of substrings separated by , characters.

Example​

> select find_in_set('b', 'a,b,c,d');
+----------------------------------------+
| find_in_set(Utf8("b"),Utf8("a,b,c,d")) |
+----------------------------------------+
| 2                                      |
+----------------------------------------+

initcap​

Capitalizes the first character in each word in the input string. Words are delimited by non-alphanumeric characters.

initcap(str)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select initcap('apache datafusion');
+------------------------------------+
| initcap(Utf8("apache datafusion")) |
+------------------------------------+
| Apache Datafusion                  |
+------------------------------------+

Related functions:

instr​

Alias of strpos.

left​

Returns a specified number of characters from the left side of a string.

left(str, n)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • n: Number of characters to return.

Example​

> select left('datafusion', 4);
+-----------------------------------+
| left(Utf8("datafusion"),Int64(4)) |
+-----------------------------------+
| data                              |
+-----------------------------------+

Related functions:

length​

Alias of character_length.

levenshtein​

Returns the Levenshtein distance between the two given strings.

levenshtein(str1, str2)

Arguments​

  • str1: String expression to compute Levenshtein distance with str2.
  • str2: String expression to compute Levenshtein distance with str1.

Example​

> select levenshtein('kitten', 'sitting');
+---------------------------------------------+
| levenshtein(Utf8("kitten"),Utf8("sitting")) |
+---------------------------------------------+
| 3                                           |
+---------------------------------------------+

lower​

Converts a string to lower-case.

lower(str)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select lower('Ångström');
+-------------------------+
| lower(Utf8("Ångström")) |
+-------------------------+
| ångström                |
+-------------------------+

Related functions:

lpad​

Pads the left side of a string with another string to a specified string length.

lpad(str, n[, padding_str])

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • n: String length to pad to.
  • padding_str: Optional string expression to pad with. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of string operators. Default is a space.

Example​

> select lpad('Dolly', 10, 'hello');
+---------------------------------------------+
| lpad(Utf8("Dolly"),Int64(10),Utf8("hello")) |
+---------------------------------------------+
| helloDolly                                  |
+---------------------------------------------+

Related functions:

ltrim​

Trims the specified trim string from the beginning of a string. If no trim string is provided, all whitespace is removed from the start of the input string.

ltrim(str[, trim_str])

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • trim_str: String expression to trim from the beginning of the input string. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. Default is whitespace characters.

Example​

> select ltrim('  datafusion  ');
+-------------------------------+
| ltrim(Utf8("  datafusion  ")) |
+-------------------------------+
| datafusion                    |
+-------------------------------+
> select ltrim('___datafusion___', '_');
+-------------------------------------------+
| ltrim(Utf8("___datafusion___"),Utf8("_")) |
+-------------------------------------------+
| datafusion___                             |
+-------------------------------------------+

Alternative Syntax​

trim(LEADING trim_str FROM str)

Related functions:

octet_length​

Returns the length of a string in bytes.

octet_length(str)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select octet_length('Ångström');
+--------------------------------+
| octet_length(Utf8("Ångström")) |
+--------------------------------+
| 10                             |
+--------------------------------+

Related functions:

overlay​

Returns the string which is replaced by another string from the specified position and specified count length.

overlay(str PLACING substr FROM pos [FOR count])

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • substr: Substring to replace in str.
  • pos: The start position to start the replace in str.
  • count: The count of characters to be replaced from start position of str. If not specified, will use substr length instead.

Example​

> select overlay('Txxxxas' placing 'hom' from 2 for 4);
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| overlay(Utf8("Txxxxas"),Utf8("hom"),Int64(2),Int64(4)) |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Thomas                                                 |
+--------------------------------------------------------+

position​

Alias of strpos.

repeat​

Returns a string with an input string repeated a specified number.

repeat(str, n)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • n: Number of times to repeat the input string.

Example​

> select repeat('data', 3);
+-------------------------------+
| repeat(Utf8("data"),Int64(3)) |
+-------------------------------+
| datadatadata                  |
+-------------------------------+

replace​

Replaces all occurrences of a specified substring in a string with a new substring.

replace(str, substr, replacement)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • substr: Substring expression to replace in the input string. Substring expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • replacement: Replacement substring expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select replace('ABabbaBA', 'ab', 'cd');
+-------------------------------------------------+
| replace(Utf8("ABabbaBA"),Utf8("ab"),Utf8("cd")) |
+-------------------------------------------------+
| ABcdbaBA                                        |
+-------------------------------------------------+

reverse​

Reverses the character order of a string.

reverse(str)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select reverse('datafusion');
+-----------------------------+
| reverse(Utf8("datafusion")) |
+-----------------------------+
| noisufatad                  |
+-----------------------------+

Returns a specified number of characters from the right side of a string.

right(str, n)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • n: Number of characters to return.

Example​

> select right('datafusion', 6);
+------------------------------------+
| right(Utf8("datafusion"),Int64(6)) |
+------------------------------------+
| fusion                             |
+------------------------------------+

Related functions:

rpad​

Pads the right side of a string with another string to a specified string length.

rpad(str, n[, padding_str])

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • n: String length to pad to.
  • padding_str: String expression to pad with. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of string operators. Default is a space.

Example​

>  select rpad('datafusion', 20, '_-');
+-----------------------------------------------+
| rpad(Utf8("datafusion"),Int64(20),Utf8("_-")) |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| datafusion_-_-_-_-_-                          |
+-----------------------------------------------+

Related functions:

rtrim​

Trims the specified trim string from the end of a string. If no trim string is provided, all whitespace is removed from the end of the input string.

rtrim(str[, trim_str])

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • trim_str: String expression to trim from the end of the input string. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators. Default is whitespace characters.

Example​

> select rtrim('  datafusion  ');
+-------------------------------+
| rtrim(Utf8("  datafusion  ")) |
+-------------------------------+
|   datafusion                  |
+-------------------------------+
> select rtrim('___datafusion___', '_');
+-------------------------------------------+
| rtrim(Utf8("___datafusion___"),Utf8("_")) |
+-------------------------------------------+
| ___datafusion                             |
+-------------------------------------------+

Alternative Syntax​

trim(TRAILING trim_str FROM str)

Related functions:

split_part​

Splits a string based on a specified delimiter and returns the substring in the specified position.

split_part(str, delimiter, pos)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • delimiter: String or character to split on.
  • pos: Position of the part to return.

Example​

> select split_part('1.2.3.4.5', '.', 3);
+--------------------------------------------------+
| split_part(Utf8("1.2.3.4.5"),Utf8("."),Int64(3)) |
+--------------------------------------------------+
| 3                                                |
+--------------------------------------------------+

starts_with​

Tests if a string starts with a substring.

starts_with(str, substr)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • substr: Substring to test for.

Example​

> select starts_with('datafusion','data');
+----------------------------------------------+
| starts_with(Utf8("datafusion"),Utf8("data")) |
+----------------------------------------------+
| true                                         |
+----------------------------------------------+

strpos​

Returns the starting position of a specified substring in a string. Positions begin at 1. If the substring does not exist in the string, the function returns 0.

strpos(str, substr)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • substr: Substring expression to search for.

Example​

> select strpos('datafusion', 'fus');
+----------------------------------------+
| strpos(Utf8("datafusion"),Utf8("fus")) |
+----------------------------------------+
| 5                                      |
+----------------------------------------+

Alternative Syntax​

position(substr in origstr)

Aliases​

  • instr
  • position

substr​

Extracts a substring of a specified number of characters from a specific starting position in a string.

substr(str, start_pos[, length])

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • start_pos: Character position to start the substring at. The first character in the string has a position of 1.
  • length: Number of characters to extract. If not specified, returns the rest of the string after the start position.

Example​

> select substr('datafusion', 5, 3);
+----------------------------------------------+
| substr(Utf8("datafusion"),Int64(5),Int64(3)) |
+----------------------------------------------+
| fus                                          |
+----------------------------------------------+

Alternative Syntax​

substring(str from start_pos for length)

Aliases​

  • substring

substr_index​

Returns the substring from str before count occurrences of the delimiter delim. If count is positive, everything to the left of the final delimiter (counting from the left) is returned. If count is negative, everything to the right of the final delimiter (counting from the right) is returned.

substr_index(str, delim, count)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • delim: The string to find in str to split str.
  • count: The number of times to search for the delimiter. Can be either a positive or negative number.

Example​

> select substr_index('www.apache.org', '.', 1);
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| substr_index(Utf8("www.apache.org"),Utf8("."),Int64(1)) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| www                                                     |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
> select substr_index('www.apache.org', '.', -1);
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| substr_index(Utf8("www.apache.org"),Utf8("."),Int64(-1)) |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| org                                                      |
+----------------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • substring_index

substring​

Alias of substr.

substring_index​

Alias of substr_index.

to_hex​

Converts an integer to a hexadecimal string.

to_hex(int)

Arguments​

  • int: Integer expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select to_hex(12345689);
+-------------------------+
| to_hex(Int64(12345689)) |
+-------------------------+
| bc6159                  |
+-------------------------+

translate​

Translates characters in a string to specified translation characters.

translate(str, chars, translation)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • chars: Characters to translate.
  • translation: Translation characters. Translation characters replace only characters at the same position in the chars string.

Example​

> select translate('twice', 'wic', 'her');
+--------------------------------------------------+
| translate(Utf8("twice"),Utf8("wic"),Utf8("her")) |
+--------------------------------------------------+
| there                                            |
+--------------------------------------------------+

trim​

Alias of btrim.

upper​

Converts a string to upper-case.

upper(str)

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select upper('dataFusion');
+---------------------------+
| upper(Utf8("dataFusion")) |
+---------------------------+
| DATAFUSION                |
+---------------------------+

Related functions:

uuid​

Returns UUID v4 string value which is unique per row.

uuid()

Example​

> select uuid();
+--------------------------------------+
| uuid()                               |
+--------------------------------------+
| 6ec17ef8-1934-41cc-8d59-d0c8f9eea1f0 |
+--------------------------------------+

Binary String Functions​

decode​

Decode binary data from textual representation in string.

decode(expression, format)

Arguments​

  • expression: Expression containing encoded string data
  • format: Same arguments as encode

Related functions:

encode​

Encode binary data into a textual representation.

encode(expression, format)

Arguments​

  • expression: Expression containing string or binary data
  • format: Supported formats are: base64, hex

Related functions:

Regular Expression Functions​

Apache DataFusion uses a PCRE-like regular expression syntax (minus support for several features including look-around and backreferences). The following regular expression functions are supported:

regexp_count​

Returns the number of matches that a regular expression has in a string.

regexp_count(str, regexp[, start, flags])

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • regexp: Regular expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • start: - start: Optional start position (the first position is 1) to search for the regular expression. Can be a constant, column, or function.
  • flags: Optional regular expression flags that control the behavior of the regular expression. The following flags are supported:
    • i: case-insensitive: letters match both upper and lower case
    • m: multi-line mode: ^ and $ match begin/end of line
    • s: allow . to match \n
    • R: enables CRLF mode: when multi-line mode is enabled, \r\n is used
    • U: swap the meaning of x* and x*?

Example​

> select regexp_count('abcAbAbc', 'abc', 2, 'i');
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| regexp_count(Utf8("abcAbAbc"),Utf8("abc"),Int64(2),Utf8("i")) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1                                                             |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+

regexp_like​

Returns true if a regular expression has at least one match in a string, false otherwise.

regexp_like(str, regexp[, flags])

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • regexp: Regular expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • flags: Optional regular expression flags that control the behavior of the regular expression. The following flags are supported:
    • i: case-insensitive: letters match both upper and lower case
    • m: multi-line mode: ^ and $ match begin/end of line
    • s: allow . to match \n
    • R: enables CRLF mode: when multi-line mode is enabled, \r\n is used
    • U: swap the meaning of x* and x*?

Example​

select regexp_like('Köln', '[a-zA-Z]ö[a-zA-Z]{2}');
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| regexp_like(Utf8("Köln"),Utf8("[a-zA-Z]ö[a-zA-Z]{2}")) |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| true                                                   |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
SELECT regexp_like('aBc', '(b|d)', 'i');
+--------------------------------------------------+
| regexp_like(Utf8("aBc"),Utf8("(b|d)"),Utf8("i")) |
+--------------------------------------------------+
| true                                             |
+--------------------------------------------------+

Additional examples can be found here

regexp_match​

Returns the first regular expression matches in a string.

regexp_match(str, regexp[, flags])

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • regexp: Regular expression to match against. Can be a constant, column, or function.
  • flags: Optional regular expression flags that control the behavior of the regular expression. The following flags are supported:
    • i: case-insensitive: letters match both upper and lower case
    • m: multi-line mode: ^ and $ match begin/end of line
    • s: allow . to match \n
    • R: enables CRLF mode: when multi-line mode is enabled, \r\n is used
    • U: swap the meaning of x* and x*?

Example​

            > select regexp_match('Köln', '[a-zA-Z]ö[a-zA-Z]{2}');
            +---------------------------------------------------------+
            | regexp_match(Utf8("Köln"),Utf8("[a-zA-Z]ö[a-zA-Z]{2}")) |
            +---------------------------------------------------------+
            | [Köln]                                                  |
            +---------------------------------------------------------+
            SELECT regexp_match('aBc', '(b|d)', 'i');
            +---------------------------------------------------+
            | regexp_match(Utf8("aBc"),Utf8("(b|d)"),Utf8("i")) |
            +---------------------------------------------------+
            | [B]                                               |
            +---------------------------------------------------+

Additional examples can be found here

regexp_replace​

Replaces substrings in a string that match a regular expression.

regexp_replace(str, regexp, replacement[, flags])

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • regexp: Regular expression to match against. Can be a constant, column, or function.
  • replacement: Replacement string expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • flags: Optional regular expression flags that control the behavior of the regular expression. The following flags are supported:
  • g: (global) Search globally and don't return after the first match
  • i: case-insensitive: letters match both upper and lower case
  • m: multi-line mode: ^ and $ match begin/end of line
  • s: allow . to match \n
  • R: enables CRLF mode: when multi-line mode is enabled, \r\n is used
  • U: swap the meaning of x* and x*?

Example​

> select regexp_replace('foobarbaz', 'b(..)', 'X\\1Y', 'g');
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| regexp_replace(Utf8("foobarbaz"),Utf8("b(..)"),Utf8("X\1Y"),Utf8("g")) |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| fooXarYXazY                                                            |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------+
SELECT regexp_replace('aBc', '(b|d)', 'Ab\\1a', 'i');
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| regexp_replace(Utf8("aBc"),Utf8("(b|d)"),Utf8("Ab\1a"),Utf8("i")) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| aAbBac                                                            |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

Additional examples can be found here

Time and Date Functions​

current_date​

Returns the current UTC date.

The current_date() return value is determined at query time and will return the same date, no matter when in the query plan the function executes.

current_date()

Aliases​

  • today

current_time​

Returns the current UTC time.

The current_time() return value is determined at query time and will return the same time, no matter when in the query plan the function executes.

current_time()

current_timestamp​

Alias of now.

date_bin​

Calculates time intervals and returns the start of the interval nearest to the specified timestamp. Use date_bin to downsample time series data by grouping rows into time-based "bins" or "windows" and applying an aggregate or selector function to each window.

For example, if you "bin" or "window" data into 15 minute intervals, an input timestamp of 2023-01-01T18:18:18Z will be updated to the start time of the 15 minute bin it is in: 2023-01-01T18:15:00Z.

date_bin(interval, expression, origin-timestamp)

Arguments​

  • interval: Bin interval.

  • expression: Time expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function.

  • origin-timestamp: Optional. Starting point used to determine bin boundaries. If not specified defaults 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z (the UNIX epoch in UTC). The following intervals are supported:

    • nanoseconds
    • microseconds
    • milliseconds
    • seconds
    • minutes
    • hours
    • days
    • weeks
    • months
    • years
    • century

Example​

-- Bin the timestamp into 1 day intervals
> SELECT date_bin(interval '1 day', time) as bin
FROM VALUES ('2023-01-01T18:18:18Z'), ('2023-01-03T19:00:03Z')  t(time);
+---------------------+
| bin                 |
+---------------------+
| 2023-01-01T00:00:00 |
| 2023-01-03T00:00:00 |
+---------------------+
2 row(s) fetched.

-- Bin the timestamp into 1 day intervals starting at 3AM on  2023-01-01
> SELECT date_bin(interval '1 day', time,  '2023-01-01T03:00:00') as bin
FROM VALUES ('2023-01-01T18:18:18Z'), ('2023-01-03T19:00:03Z')  t(time);
+---------------------+
| bin                 |
+---------------------+
| 2023-01-01T03:00:00 |
| 2023-01-03T03:00:00 |
+---------------------+
2 row(s) fetched.

date_format​

Alias of to_char.

date_part​

Returns the specified part of the date as an integer.

date_part(part, expression)

Arguments​

  • part: Part of the date to return. The following date parts are supported:

    • year
    • quarter (emits value in inclusive range [1, 4] based on which quartile of the year the date is in)
    • month
    • week (week of the year)
    • day (day of the month)
    • hour
    • minute
    • second
    • millisecond
    • microsecond
    • nanosecond
    • dow (day of the week)
    • doy (day of the year)
    • epoch (seconds since Unix epoch)

  • expression: Time expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function.

Alternative Syntax​

extract(field FROM source)

Aliases​

  • datepart

date_trunc​

Truncates a timestamp value to a specified precision.

date_trunc(precision, expression)

Arguments​

  • precision: Time precision to truncate to. The following precisions are supported:

    • year / YEAR
    • quarter / QUARTER
    • month / MONTH
    • week / WEEK
    • day / DAY
    • hour / HOUR
    • minute / MINUTE
    • second / SECOND

  • expression: Time expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function.

Aliases​

  • datetrunc

datepart​

Alias of date_part.

datetrunc​

Alias of date_trunc.

from_unixtime​

Converts an integer to RFC3339 timestamp format (YYYY-MM-DDT00:00:00.000000000Z). Integers and unsigned integers are interpreted as nanoseconds since the unix epoch (1970-01-01T00:00:00Z) return the corresponding timestamp.

from_unixtime(expression[, timezone])

Arguments​

  • expression: The expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • timezone: Optional timezone to use when converting the integer to a timestamp. If not provided, the default timezone is UTC.

Example​

> select from_unixtime(1599572549, 'America/New_York');
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| from_unixtime(Int64(1599572549),Utf8("America/New_York")) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| 2020-09-08T09:42:29-04:00                                 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+

make_date​

Make a date from year/month/day component parts.

make_date(year, month, day)

Arguments​

  • year: Year to use when making the date. Can be a constant, column or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators.
  • month: Month to use when making the date. Can be a constant, column or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators.
  • day: Day to use when making the date. Can be a constant, column or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators.

Example​

> select make_date(2023, 1, 31);
+-------------------------------------------+
| make_date(Int64(2023),Int64(1),Int64(31)) |
+-------------------------------------------+
| 2023-01-31                                |
+-------------------------------------------+
> select make_date('2023', '01', '31');
+-----------------------------------------------+
| make_date(Utf8("2023"),Utf8("01"),Utf8("31")) |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| 2023-01-31                                    |
+-----------------------------------------------+

Additional examples can be found here

now​

Returns the current UTC timestamp.

The now() return value is determined at query time and will return the same timestamp, no matter when in the query plan the function executes.

now()

Aliases​

  • current_timestamp

to_char​

Returns a string representation of a date, time, timestamp or duration based on a Chrono format. Unlike the PostgreSQL equivalent of this function numerical formatting is not supported.

to_char(expression, format)

Arguments​

  • expression: Expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function that results in a date, time, timestamp or duration.
  • format: A Chrono format string to use to convert the expression.
  • day: Day to use when making the date. Can be a constant, column or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators.

Example​

> select to_char('2023-03-01'::date, '%d-%m-%Y');
+----------------------------------------------+
| to_char(Utf8("2023-03-01"),Utf8("%d-%m-%Y")) |
+----------------------------------------------+
| 01-03-2023                                   |
+----------------------------------------------+

Additional examples can be found here

Aliases​

  • date_format

to_date​

Converts a value to a date (YYYY-MM-DD). Supports strings, integer and double types as input. Strings are parsed as YYYY-MM-DD (e.g. '2023-07-20') if no Chrono formats are provided. Integers and doubles are interpreted as days since the unix epoch (1970-01-01T00:00:00Z). Returns the corresponding date.

Note: to_date returns Date32, which represents its values as the number of days since unix epoch(1970-01-01) stored as signed 32 bit value. The largest supported date value is 9999-12-31.

to_date('2017-05-31', '%Y-%m-%d')

Arguments​

  • expression: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • format_n: Optional Chrono format strings to use to parse the expression. Formats will be tried in the order they appear with the first successful one being returned. If none of the formats successfully parse the expression an error will be returned.

Example​

> select to_date('2023-01-31');
+-------------------------------+
| to_date(Utf8("2023-01-31")) |
+-------------------------------+
| 2023-01-31                    |
+-------------------------------+
> select to_date('2023/01/31', '%Y-%m-%d', '%Y/%m/%d');
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| to_date(Utf8("2023/01/31"),Utf8("%Y-%m-%d"),Utf8("%Y/%m/%d")) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2023-01-31                                                          |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+

Additional examples can be found here

to_local_time​

Converts a timestamp with a timezone to a timestamp without a timezone (with no offset or timezone information). This function handles daylight saving time changes.

to_local_time(expression)

Arguments​

  • expression: Time expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function.

Example​

> SELECT to_local_time('2024-04-01T00:00:20Z'::timestamp);
+---------------------------------------------+
| to_local_time(Utf8("2024-04-01T00:00:20Z")) |
+---------------------------------------------+
| 2024-04-01T00:00:20                         |
+---------------------------------------------+

> SELECT to_local_time('2024-04-01T00:00:20Z'::timestamp AT TIME ZONE 'Europe/Brussels');
+---------------------------------------------+
| to_local_time(Utf8("2024-04-01T00:00:20Z")) |
+---------------------------------------------+
| 2024-04-01T00:00:20                         |
+---------------------------------------------+

> SELECT
  time,
  arrow_typeof(time) as type,
  to_local_time(time) as to_local_time,
  arrow_typeof(to_local_time(time)) as to_local_time_type
FROM (
  SELECT '2024-04-01T00:00:20Z'::timestamp AT TIME ZONE 'Europe/Brussels' AS time
);
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| time                      | type                                           | to_local_time       | to_local_time_type          |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 2024-04-01T00:00:20+02:00 | Timestamp(Nanosecond, Some("Europe/Brussels")) | 2024-04-01T00:00:20 | Timestamp(Nanosecond, None) |
+---------------------------+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+

# combine `to_local_time()` with `date_bin()` to bin on boundaries in the timezone rather
# than UTC boundaries

> SELECT date_bin(interval '1 day', to_local_time('2024-04-01T00:00:20Z'::timestamp AT TIME ZONE 'Europe/Brussels')) AS date_bin;
+---------------------+
| date_bin            |
+---------------------+
| 2024-04-01T00:00:00 |
+---------------------+

> SELECT date_bin(interval '1 day', to_local_time('2024-04-01T00:00:20Z'::timestamp AT TIME ZONE 'Europe/Brussels')) AT TIME ZONE 'Europe/Brussels' AS date_bin_with_timezone;
+---------------------------+
| date_bin_with_timezone    |
+---------------------------+
| 2024-04-01T00:00:00+02:00 |
+---------------------------+

to_timestamp​

Converts a value to a timestamp (YYYY-MM-DDT00:00:00Z). Supports strings, integer, unsigned integer, and double types as input. Strings are parsed as RFC3339 (e.g. '2023-07-20T05:44:00') if no [Chrono formats] are provided. Integers, unsigned integers, and doubles are interpreted as seconds since the unix epoch (1970-01-01T00:00:00Z). Returns the corresponding timestamp.

Note: to_timestamp returns Timestamp(Nanosecond). The supported range for integer input is between -9223372037 and 9223372036. Supported range for string input is between 1677-09-21T00:12:44.0 and 2262-04-11T23:47:16.0. Please use to_timestamp_seconds for the input outside of supported bounds.

to_timestamp(expression[, ..., format_n])

Arguments​

  • expression: Expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators.
  • format_n: Optional Chrono format strings to use to parse the expression. Formats will be tried in the order they appear with the first successful one being returned. If none of the formats successfully parse the expression an error will be returned.

Example​

> select to_timestamp('2023-01-31T09:26:56.123456789-05:00');
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| to_timestamp(Utf8("2023-01-31T09:26:56.123456789-05:00")) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| 2023-01-31T14:26:56.123456789                             |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+
> select to_timestamp('03:59:00.123456789 05-17-2023', '%c', '%+', '%H:%M:%S%.f %m-%d-%Y');
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| to_timestamp(Utf8("03:59:00.123456789 05-17-2023"),Utf8("%c"),Utf8("%+"),Utf8("%H:%M:%S%.f %m-%d-%Y")) |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2023-05-17T03:59:00.123456789                                                                          |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Additional examples can be found here

to_timestamp_micros​

Converts a value to a timestamp (YYYY-MM-DDT00:00:00.000000Z). Supports strings, integer, and unsigned integer types as input. Strings are parsed as RFC3339 (e.g. '2023-07-20T05:44:00') if no Chrono formats are provided. Integers and unsigned integers are interpreted as microseconds since the unix epoch (1970-01-01T00:00:00Z) Returns the corresponding timestamp.

to_timestamp_micros(expression[, ..., format_n])

Arguments​

  • expression: Expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators.
  • format_n: Optional Chrono format strings to use to parse the expression. Formats will be tried in the order they appear with the first successful one being returned. If none of the formats successfully parse the expression an error will be returned.

Example​

> select to_timestamp_micros('2023-01-31T09:26:56.123456789-05:00');
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| to_timestamp_micros(Utf8("2023-01-31T09:26:56.123456789-05:00")) |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2023-01-31T14:26:56.123456                                       |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
> select to_timestamp_micros('03:59:00.123456789 05-17-2023', '%c', '%+', '%H:%M:%S%.f %m-%d-%Y');
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| to_timestamp_micros(Utf8("03:59:00.123456789 05-17-2023"),Utf8("%c"),Utf8("%+"),Utf8("%H:%M:%S%.f %m-%d-%Y")) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2023-05-17T03:59:00.123456                                                                                    |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Additional examples can be found here

to_timestamp_millis​

Converts a value to a timestamp (YYYY-MM-DDT00:00:00.000Z). Supports strings, integer, and unsigned integer types as input. Strings are parsed as RFC3339 (e.g. '2023-07-20T05:44:00') if no Chrono formats are provided. Integers and unsigned integers are interpreted as milliseconds since the unix epoch (1970-01-01T00:00:00Z). Returns the corresponding timestamp.

to_timestamp_millis(expression[, ..., format_n])

Arguments​

  • expression: Expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators.
  • format_n: Optional Chrono format strings to use to parse the expression. Formats will be tried in the order they appear with the first successful one being returned. If none of the formats successfully parse the expression an error will be returned.

Example​

> select to_timestamp_millis('2023-01-31T09:26:56.123456789-05:00');
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| to_timestamp_millis(Utf8("2023-01-31T09:26:56.123456789-05:00")) |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2023-01-31T14:26:56.123                                          |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
> select to_timestamp_millis('03:59:00.123456789 05-17-2023', '%c', '%+', '%H:%M:%S%.f %m-%d-%Y');
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| to_timestamp_millis(Utf8("03:59:00.123456789 05-17-2023"),Utf8("%c"),Utf8("%+"),Utf8("%H:%M:%S%.f %m-%d-%Y")) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2023-05-17T03:59:00.123                                                                                       |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Additional examples can be found here

to_timestamp_nanos​

Converts a value to a timestamp (YYYY-MM-DDT00:00:00.000000000Z). Supports strings, integer, and unsigned integer types as input. Strings are parsed as RFC3339 (e.g. '2023-07-20T05:44:00') if no Chrono formats are provided. Integers and unsigned integers are interpreted as nanoseconds since the unix epoch (1970-01-01T00:00:00Z). Returns the corresponding timestamp.

to_timestamp_nanos(expression[, ..., format_n])

Arguments​

  • expression: Expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators.
  • format_n: Optional Chrono format strings to use to parse the expression. Formats will be tried in the order they appear with the first successful one being returned. If none of the formats successfully parse the expression an error will be returned.

Example​

> select to_timestamp_nanos('2023-01-31T09:26:56.123456789-05:00');
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| to_timestamp_nanos(Utf8("2023-01-31T09:26:56.123456789-05:00")) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2023-01-31T14:26:56.123456789                                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
> select to_timestamp_nanos('03:59:00.123456789 05-17-2023', '%c', '%+', '%H:%M:%S%.f %m-%d-%Y');
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| to_timestamp_nanos(Utf8("03:59:00.123456789 05-17-2023"),Utf8("%c"),Utf8("%+"),Utf8("%H:%M:%S%.f %m-%d-%Y")) |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2023-05-17T03:59:00.123456789                                                                                |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Additional examples can be found here

to_timestamp_seconds​

Converts a value to a timestamp (YYYY-MM-DDT00:00:00.000Z). Supports strings, integer, and unsigned integer types as input. Strings are parsed as RFC3339 (e.g. '2023-07-20T05:44:00') if no Chrono formats are provided. Integers and unsigned integers are interpreted as seconds since the unix epoch (1970-01-01T00:00:00Z). Returns the corresponding timestamp.

to_timestamp_seconds(expression[, ..., format_n])

Arguments​

  • expression: Expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators.
  • format_n: Optional Chrono format strings to use to parse the expression. Formats will be tried in the order they appear with the first successful one being returned. If none of the formats successfully parse the expression an error will be returned.

Example​

> select to_timestamp_seconds('2023-01-31T09:26:56.123456789-05:00');
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| to_timestamp_seconds(Utf8("2023-01-31T09:26:56.123456789-05:00")) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2023-01-31T14:26:56                                               |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
> select to_timestamp_seconds('03:59:00.123456789 05-17-2023', '%c', '%+', '%H:%M:%S%.f %m-%d-%Y');
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| to_timestamp_seconds(Utf8("03:59:00.123456789 05-17-2023"),Utf8("%c"),Utf8("%+"),Utf8("%H:%M:%S%.f %m-%d-%Y")) |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2023-05-17T03:59:00                                                                                            |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Additional examples can be found here

to_unixtime​

Converts a value to seconds since the unix epoch (1970-01-01T00:00:00Z). Supports strings, dates, timestamps and double types as input. Strings are parsed as RFC3339 (e.g. '2023-07-20T05:44:00') if no Chrono formats are provided.

to_unixtime(expression[, ..., format_n])

Arguments​

  • expression: Expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic operators.
  • format_n: Optional Chrono format strings to use to parse the expression. Formats will be tried in the order they appear with the first successful one being returned. If none of the formats successfully parse the expression an error will be returned.

Example​

> select to_unixtime('2020-09-08T12:00:00+00:00');
+------------------------------------------------+
| to_unixtime(Utf8("2020-09-08T12:00:00+00:00")) |
+------------------------------------------------+
| 1599566400                                     |
+------------------------------------------------+
> select to_unixtime('01-14-2023 01:01:30+05:30', '%q', '%d-%m-%Y %H/%M/%S', '%+', '%m-%d-%Y %H:%M:%S%#z');
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| to_unixtime(Utf8("01-14-2023 01:01:30+05:30"),Utf8("%q"),Utf8("%d-%m-%Y %H/%M/%S"),Utf8("%+"),Utf8("%m-%d-%Y %H:%M:%S%#z")) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1673638290                                                                                                                  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

today​

Alias of current_date.

Array Functions​

array_any_value​

Returns the first non-null element in the array.

array_any_value(array)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select array_any_value([NULL, 1, 2, 3]);
+-------------------------------+
| array_any_value(List([NULL,1,2,3])) |
+-------------------------------------+
| 1                                   |
+-------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_any_value

array_append​

Appends an element to the end of an array.

array_append(array, element)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • element: Element to append to the array.

Example​

> select array_append([1, 2, 3], 4);
+--------------------------------------+
| array_append(List([1,2,3]),Int64(4)) |
+--------------------------------------+
| [1, 2, 3, 4]                         |
+--------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_append
  • array_push_back
  • list_push_back

array_cat​

Alias of array_concat.

array_concat​

Concatenates arrays.

array_concat(array[, ..., array_n])

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • array_n: Subsequent array column or literal array to concatenate.

Example​

> select array_concat([1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]);
+---------------------------------------------------+
| array_concat(List([1,2]),List([3,4]),List([5,6])) |
+---------------------------------------------------+
| [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]                                |
+---------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • array_cat
  • list_concat
  • list_cat

array_contains​

Alias of array_has.

array_dims​

Returns an array of the array's dimensions.

array_dims(array)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select array_dims([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]);
+---------------------------------+
| array_dims(List([1,2,3,4,5,6])) |
+---------------------------------+
| [2, 3]                          |
+---------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_dims

array_distance​

Returns the Euclidean distance between two input arrays of equal length.

array_distance(array1, array2)

Arguments​

  • array1: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • array2: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select array_distance([1, 2], [1, 4]);
+------------------------------------+
| array_distance(List([1,2], [1,4])) |
+------------------------------------+
| 2.0                                |
+------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_distance

array_distinct​

Returns distinct values from the array after removing duplicates.

array_distinct(array)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select array_distinct([1, 3, 2, 3, 1, 2, 4]);
+---------------------------------+
| array_distinct(List([1,2,3,4])) |
+---------------------------------+
| [1, 2, 3, 4]                    |
+---------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_distinct

array_element​

Extracts the element with the index n from the array.

array_element(array, index)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • index: Index to extract the element from the array.

Example​

> select array_element([1, 2, 3, 4], 3);
+-----------------------------------------+
| array_element(List([1,2,3,4]),Int64(3)) |
+-----------------------------------------+
| 3                                       |
+-----------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • array_extract
  • list_element
  • list_extract

array_empty​

Alias of empty.

array_except​

Returns an array of the elements that appear in the first array but not in the second.

array_except(array1, array2)

Arguments​

  • array1: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • array2: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select array_except([1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 3, 4]);
+----------------------------------------------------+
| array_except([1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 3, 4]);           |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| [1, 2]                                              |
+----------------------------------------------------+
> select array_except([1, 2, 3, 4], [3, 4, 5, 6]);
+----------------------------------------------------+
| array_except([1, 2, 3, 4], [3, 4, 5, 6]);           |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| [1, 2]                                              |
+----------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_except

array_extract​

Alias of array_element.

array_has​

Returns true if the array contains the element.

array_has(array, element)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • element: Scalar or Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select array_has([1, 2, 3], 2);
+-----------------------------+
| array_has(List([1,2,3]), 2) |
+-----------------------------+
| true                        |
+-----------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_has
  • array_contains
  • list_contains

array_has_all​

Returns true if all elements of sub-array exist in array.

array_has_all(array, sub-array)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • sub-array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select array_has_all([1, 2, 3, 4], [2, 3]);
+--------------------------------------------+
| array_has_all(List([1,2,3,4]), List([2,3])) |
+--------------------------------------------+
| true                                       |
+--------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_has_all

array_has_any​

Returns true if any elements exist in both arrays.

array_has_any(array, sub-array)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • sub-array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select array_has_any([1, 2, 3], [3, 4]);
+------------------------------------------+
| array_has_any(List([1,2,3]), List([3,4])) |
+------------------------------------------+
| true                                     |
+------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_has_any
  • arrays_overlap

array_indexof​

Alias of array_position.

array_intersect​

Returns an array of elements in the intersection of array1 and array2.

array_intersect(array1, array2)

Arguments​

  • array1: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • array2: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select array_intersect([1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 3, 4]);
+----------------------------------------------------+
| array_intersect([1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 3, 4]);       |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| [3, 4]                                             |
+----------------------------------------------------+
> select array_intersect([1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]);
+----------------------------------------------------+
| array_intersect([1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]);       |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| []                                                 |
+----------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_intersect

array_join​

Alias of array_to_string.

array_length​

Returns the length of the array dimension.

array_length(array, dimension)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • dimension: Array dimension.

Example​

> select array_length([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 1);
+-------------------------------------------+
| array_length(List([1,2,3,4,5]), 1)        |
+-------------------------------------------+
| 5                                         |
+-------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_length

array_max​

Returns the maximum value in the array.

array_max(array)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select array_max([3,1,4,2]);
+-----------------------------------------+
| array_max(List([3,1,4,2]))              |
+-----------------------------------------+
| 4                                       |
+-----------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_max

array_ndims​

Returns the number of dimensions of the array.

array_ndims(array, element)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • element: Array element.

Example​

> select array_ndims([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]);
+----------------------------------+
| array_ndims(List([1,2,3,4,5,6])) |
+----------------------------------+
| 2                                |
+----------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_ndims

array_pop_back​

Returns the array without the last element.

array_pop_back(array)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select array_pop_back([1, 2, 3]);
+-------------------------------+
| array_pop_back(List([1,2,3])) |
+-------------------------------+
| [1, 2]                        |
+-------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_pop_back

array_pop_front​

Returns the array without the first element.

array_pop_front(array)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select array_pop_front([1, 2, 3]);
+-------------------------------+
| array_pop_front(List([1,2,3])) |
+-------------------------------+
| [2, 3]                        |
+-------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_pop_front

array_position​

Returns the position of the first occurrence of the specified element in the array.

array_position(array, element)
array_position(array, element, index)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • element: Element to search for position in the array.
  • index: Index at which to start searching.

Example​

> select array_position([1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4], 2);
+----------------------------------------------+
| array_position(List([1,2,2,3,1,4]),Int64(2)) |
+----------------------------------------------+
| 2                                            |
+----------------------------------------------+
> select array_position([1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4], 2, 3);
+----------------------------------------------------+
| array_position(List([1,2,2,3,1,4]),Int64(2), Int64(3)) |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| 3                                                  |
+----------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_position
  • array_indexof
  • list_indexof

array_positions​

Searches for an element in the array, returns all occurrences.

array_positions(array, element)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • element: Element to search for position in the array.

Example​

> select array_positions([1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4], 2);
+-----------------------------------------------+
| array_positions(List([1,2,2,3,1,4]),Int64(2)) |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| [2, 3]                                        |
+-----------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_positions

array_prepend​

Prepends an element to the beginning of an array.

array_prepend(element, array)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • element: Element to prepend to the array.

Example​

> select array_prepend(1, [2, 3, 4]);
+---------------------------------------+
| array_prepend(Int64(1),List([2,3,4])) |
+---------------------------------------+
| [1, 2, 3, 4]                          |
+---------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_prepend
  • array_push_front
  • list_push_front

array_push_back​

Alias of array_append.

array_push_front​

Alias of array_prepend.

array_remove​

Removes the first element from the array equal to the given value.

array_remove(array, element)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • element: Element to be removed from the array.

Example​

> select array_remove([1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4], 2);
+----------------------------------------------+
| array_remove(List([1,2,2,3,2,1,4]),Int64(2)) |
+----------------------------------------------+
| [1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4]                           |
+----------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_remove

array_remove_all​

Removes all elements from the array equal to the given value.

array_remove_all(array, element)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • element: Element to be removed from the array.

Example​

> select array_remove_all([1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4], 2);
+--------------------------------------------------+
| array_remove_all(List([1,2,2,3,2,1,4]),Int64(2)) |
+--------------------------------------------------+
| [1, 3, 1, 4]                                     |
+--------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_remove_all

array_remove_n​

Removes the first max elements from the array equal to the given value.

array_remove_n(array, element, max))

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • element: Element to be removed from the array.
  • max: Number of first occurrences to remove.

Example​

> select array_remove_n([1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4], 2, 2);
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| array_remove_n(List([1,2,2,3,2,1,4]),Int64(2),Int64(2)) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| [1, 3, 2, 1, 4]                                         |
+---------------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_remove_n

array_repeat​

Returns an array containing element count times.

array_repeat(element, count)

Arguments​

  • element: Element expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • count: Value of how many times to repeat the element.

Example​

> select array_repeat(1, 3);
+---------------------------------+
| array_repeat(Int64(1),Int64(3)) |
+---------------------------------+
| [1, 1, 1]                       |
+---------------------------------+
> select array_repeat([1, 2], 2);
+------------------------------------+
| array_repeat(List([1,2]),Int64(2)) |
+------------------------------------+
| [[1, 2], [1, 2]]                   |
+------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_repeat

array_replace​

Replaces the first occurrence of the specified element with another specified element.

array_replace(array, from, to)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • from: Initial element.
  • to: Final element.

Example​

> select array_replace([1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4], 2, 5);
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| array_replace(List([1,2,2,3,2,1,4]),Int64(2),Int64(5)) |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| [1, 5, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4]                                  |
+--------------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_replace

array_replace_all​

Replaces all occurrences of the specified element with another specified element.

array_replace_all(array, from, to)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • from: Initial element.
  • to: Final element.

Example​

> select array_replace_all([1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4], 2, 5);
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| array_replace_all(List([1,2,2,3,2,1,4]),Int64(2),Int64(5)) |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| [1, 5, 5, 3, 5, 1, 4]                                      |
+------------------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_replace_all

array_replace_n​

Replaces the first max occurrences of the specified element with another specified element.

array_replace_n(array, from, to, max)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • from: Initial element.
  • to: Final element.
  • max: Number of first occurrences to replace.

Example​

> select array_replace_n([1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 1, 4], 2, 5, 2);
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| array_replace_n(List([1,2,2,3,2,1,4]),Int64(2),Int64(5),Int64(2)) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| [1, 5, 5, 3, 2, 1, 4]                                             |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_replace_n

array_resize​

Resizes the list to contain size elements. Initializes new elements with value or empty if value is not set.

array_resize(array, size, value)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • size: New size of given array.
  • value: Defines new elements' value or empty if value is not set.

Example​

> select array_resize([1, 2, 3], 5, 0);
+-------------------------------------+
| array_resize(List([1,2,3],5,0))     |
+-------------------------------------+
| [1, 2, 3, 0, 0]                     |
+-------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_resize

array_reverse​

Returns the array with the order of the elements reversed.

array_reverse(array)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select array_reverse([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| array_reverse(List([1, 2, 3, 4]))                          |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| [4, 3, 2, 1]                                               |
+------------------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_reverse

array_slice​

Returns a slice of the array based on 1-indexed start and end positions.

array_slice(array, begin, end)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • begin: Index of the first element. If negative, it counts backward from the end of the array.
  • end: Index of the last element. If negative, it counts backward from the end of the array.
  • stride: Stride of the array slice. The default is 1.

Example​

> select array_slice([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], 3, 6);
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| array_slice(List([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]),Int64(3),Int64(6)) |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| [3, 4, 5, 6]                                           |
+--------------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_slice

array_sort​

Sort array.

array_sort(array, desc, nulls_first)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • desc: Whether to sort in descending order(ASC or DESC).
  • nulls_first: Whether to sort nulls first(NULLS FIRST or NULLS LAST).

Example​

> select array_sort([3, 1, 2]);
+-----------------------------+
| array_sort(List([3,1,2]))   |
+-----------------------------+
| [1, 2, 3]                   |
+-----------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_sort

array_to_string​

Converts each element to its text representation.

array_to_string(array, delimiter[, null_string])

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • delimiter: Array element separator.
  • null_string: Optional. String to replace null values in the array. If not provided, nulls will be handled by default behavior.

Example​

> select array_to_string([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]], ',');
+----------------------------------------------------+
| array_to_string(List([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]),Utf8(",")) |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8                                    |
+----------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_to_string
  • array_join
  • list_join

array_union​

Returns an array of elements that are present in both arrays (all elements from both arrays) with out duplicates.

array_union(array1, array2)

Arguments​

  • array1: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.
  • array2: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select array_union([1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 3, 4]);
+----------------------------------------------------+
| array_union([1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 3, 4]);           |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]                                 |
+----------------------------------------------------+
> select array_union([1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]);
+----------------------------------------------------+
| array_union([1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]);           |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]                           |
+----------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • list_union

arrays_overlap​

Alias of array_has_any.

cardinality​

Returns the total number of elements in the array.

cardinality(array)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select cardinality([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]]);
+--------------------------------------+
| cardinality(List([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8])) |
+--------------------------------------+
| 8                                    |
+--------------------------------------+

empty​

Returns 1 for an empty array or 0 for a non-empty array.

empty(array)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select empty([1]);
+------------------+
| empty(List([1])) |
+------------------+
| 0                |
+------------------+

Aliases​

  • array_empty
  • list_empty

flatten​

Converts an array of arrays to a flat array.

  • Applies to any depth of nested arrays
  • Does not change arrays that are already flat

The flattened array contains all the elements from all source arrays.

flatten(array)

Arguments​

  • array: Array expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of array operators.

Example​

> select flatten([[1, 2], [3, 4]]);
+------------------------------+
| flatten(List([1,2], [3,4]))  |
+------------------------------+
| [1, 2, 3, 4]                 |
+------------------------------+

generate_series​

Similar to the range function, but it includes the upper bound.

generate_series(start, stop, step)

Arguments​

  • start: Start of the series. Ints, timestamps, dates or string types that can be coerced to Date32 are supported.
  • end: End of the series (included). Type must be the same as start.
  • step: Increase by step (can not be 0). Steps less than a day are supported only for timestamp ranges.

Example​

> select generate_series(1,3);
+------------------------------------+
| generate_series(Int64(1),Int64(3)) |
+------------------------------------+
| [1, 2, 3]                          |
+------------------------------------+

list_any_value​

Alias of array_any_value.

list_append​

Alias of array_append.

list_cat​

Alias of array_concat.

list_concat​

Alias of array_concat.

list_contains​

Alias of array_has.

list_dims​

Alias of array_dims.

list_distance​

Alias of array_distance.

list_distinct​

Alias of array_distinct.

list_element​

Alias of array_element.

list_empty​

Alias of empty.

list_except​

Alias of array_except.

list_extract​

Alias of array_element.

list_has​

Alias of array_has.

list_has_all​

Alias of array_has_all.

list_has_any​

Alias of array_has_any.

list_indexof​

Alias of array_position.

list_intersect​

Alias of array_intersect.

list_join​

Alias of array_to_string.

list_length​

Alias of array_length.

list_max​

Alias of array_max.

list_ndims​

Alias of array_ndims.

list_pop_back​

Alias of array_pop_back.

list_pop_front​

Alias of array_pop_front.

list_position​

Alias of array_position.

list_positions​

Alias of array_positions.

list_prepend​

Alias of array_prepend.

list_push_back​

Alias of array_append.

list_push_front​

Alias of array_prepend.

list_remove​

Alias of array_remove.

list_remove_all​

Alias of array_remove_all.

list_remove_n​

Alias of array_remove_n.

list_repeat​

Alias of array_repeat.

list_replace​

Alias of array_replace.

list_replace_all​

Alias of array_replace_all.

list_replace_n​

Alias of array_replace_n.

list_resize​

Alias of array_resize.

list_reverse​

Alias of array_reverse.

list_slice​

Alias of array_slice.

list_sort​

Alias of array_sort.

list_to_string​

Alias of array_to_string.

list_union​

Alias of array_union.

make_array​

Returns an array using the specified input expressions.

make_array(expression1[, ..., expression_n])

Arguments​

  • expression_n: Expression to include in the output array. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic or string operators.

Example​

> select make_array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| make_array(Int64(1),Int64(2),Int64(3),Int64(4),Int64(5)) |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]                                          |
+----------------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • make_list

make_list​

Alias of make_array.

range​

Returns an Arrow array between start and stop with step. The range start..end contains all values with start <= x < end. It is empty if start >= end. Step cannot be 0.

range(start, stop, step)

Arguments​

  • start: Start of the range. Ints, timestamps, dates or string types that can be coerced to Date32 are supported.
  • end: End of the range (not included). Type must be the same as start.
  • step: Increase by step (cannot be 0). Steps less than a day are supported only for timestamp ranges.

Example​

> select range(2, 10, 3);
+-----------------------------------+
| range(Int64(2),Int64(10),Int64(3))|
+-----------------------------------+
| [2, 5, 8]                         |
+-----------------------------------+

> select range(DATE '1992-09-01', DATE '1993-03-01', INTERVAL '1' MONTH);
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| range(DATE '1992-09-01', DATE '1993-03-01', INTERVAL '1' MONTH) |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| [1992-09-01, 1992-10-01, 1992-11-01, 1992-12-01, 1993-01-01, 1993-02-01] |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+

string_to_array​

Splits a string into an array of substrings based on a delimiter. Any substrings matching the optional null_str argument are replaced with NULL.

string_to_array(str, delimiter[, null_str])

Arguments​

  • str: String expression to split.
  • delimiter: Delimiter string to split on.
  • null_str: Substring values to be replaced with NULL.

Example​

> select string_to_array('abc##def', '##');
+-----------------------------------+
| string_to_array(Utf8('abc##def'))  |
+-----------------------------------+
| ['abc', 'def']                    |
+-----------------------------------+
> select string_to_array('abc def', ' ', 'def');
+---------------------------------------------+
| string_to_array(Utf8('abc def'), Utf8(' '), Utf8('def')) |
+---------------------------------------------+
| ['abc', NULL]                               |
+---------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • string_to_list

string_to_list​

Alias of string_to_array.

Struct Functions​

named_struct​

Returns an Arrow struct using the specified name and input expressions pairs.

named_struct(expression1_name, expression1_input[, ..., expression_n_name, expression_n_input])

Arguments​

  • expression_n_name: Name of the column field. Must be a constant string.
  • expression_n_input: Expression to include in the output struct. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of arithmetic or string operators.

Example​

For example, this query converts two columns a and b to a single column with a struct type of fields field_a and field_b:

> select * from t;
+---+---+
| a | b |
+---+---+
| 1 | 2 |
| 3 | 4 |
+---+---+
> select named_struct('field_a', a, 'field_b', b) from t;
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| named_struct(Utf8("field_a"),t.a,Utf8("field_b"),t.b) |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
| {field_a: 1, field_b: 2}                              |
| {field_a: 3, field_b: 4}                              |
+-------------------------------------------------------+

row​

Alias of struct.

struct​

Returns an Arrow struct using the specified input expressions optionally named. Fields in the returned struct use the optional name or the cN naming convention. For example: c0, c1, c2, etc.

struct(expression1[, ..., expression_n])

Arguments​

  • expression1, expression_n: Expression to include in the output struct. Can be a constant, column, or function, any combination of arithmetic or string operators.

Example​

For example, this query converts two columns a and b to a single column with a struct type of fields field_a and c1:

> select * from t;
+---+---+
| a | b |
+---+---+
| 1 | 2 |
| 3 | 4 |
+---+---+

-- use default names `c0`, `c1`
> select struct(a, b) from t;
+-----------------+
| struct(t.a,t.b) |
+-----------------+
| {c0: 1, c1: 2}  |
| {c0: 3, c1: 4}  |
+-----------------+

-- name the first field `field_a`
select struct(a as field_a, b) from t;
+--------------------------------------------------+
| named_struct(Utf8("field_a"),t.a,Utf8("c1"),t.b) |
+--------------------------------------------------+
| {field_a: 1, c1: 2}                              |
| {field_a: 3, c1: 4}                              |
+--------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • row

Map Functions​

element_at​

Alias of map_extract.

map​

Returns an Arrow map with the specified key-value pairs.

The make_map function creates a map from two lists: one for keys and one for values. Each key must be unique and non-null.

map(key, value)
map(key: value)
make_map(['key1', 'key2'], ['value1', 'value2'])

Arguments​

  • key: For map: Expression to be used for key. Can be a constant, column, function, or any combination of arithmetic or string operators. For make_map: The list of keys to be used in the map. Each key must be unique and non-null.
  • value: For map: Expression to be used for value. Can be a constant, column, function, or any combination of arithmetic or string operators. For make_map: The list of values to be mapped to the corresponding keys.

Example​

-- Using map function
SELECT MAP('type', 'test');
----
{type: test}

SELECT MAP(['POST', 'HEAD', 'PATCH'], [41, 33, null]);
----
{POST: 41, HEAD: 33, PATCH: NULL}

SELECT MAP([[1,2], [3,4]], ['a', 'b']);
----
{[1, 2]: a, [3, 4]: b}

SELECT MAP { 'a': 1, 'b': 2 };
----
{a: 1, b: 2}

-- Using make_map function
SELECT MAKE_MAP(['POST', 'HEAD'], [41, 33]);
----
{POST: 41, HEAD: 33}

SELECT MAKE_MAP(['key1', 'key2'], ['value1', null]);
----
{key1: value1, key2: }

map_extract​

Returns a list containing the value for the given key or an empty list if the key is not present in the map.

map_extract(map, key)

Arguments​

  • map: Map expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of map operators.
  • key: Key to extract from the map. Can be a constant, column, or function, any combination of arithmetic or string operators, or a named expression of the previously listed.

Example​

SELECT map_extract(MAP {'a': 1, 'b': NULL, 'c': 3}, 'a');
----
[1]

SELECT map_extract(MAP {1: 'one', 2: 'two'}, 2);
----
['two']

SELECT map_extract(MAP {'x': 10, 'y': NULL, 'z': 30}, 'y');
----
[]

Aliases​

  • element_at

map_keys​

Returns a list of all keys in the map.

map_keys(map)

Arguments​

  • map: Map expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of map operators.

Example​

SELECT map_keys(MAP {'a': 1, 'b': NULL, 'c': 3});
----
[a, b, c]

SELECT map_keys(map([100, 5], [42, 43]));
----
[100, 5]

map_values​

Returns a list of all values in the map.

map_values(map)

Arguments​

  • map: Map expression. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of map operators.

Example​

SELECT map_values(MAP {'a': 1, 'b': NULL, 'c': 3});
----
[1, , 3]

SELECT map_values(map([100, 5], [42, 43]));
----
[42, 43]

Hashing Functions​

digest​

Computes the binary hash of an expression using the specified algorithm.

digest(expression, algorithm)

Arguments​

  • expression: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • algorithm: String expression specifying algorithm to use. Must be one of:
    • md5
    • sha224
    • sha256
    • sha384
    • sha512
    • blake2s
    • blake2b
    • blake3

Example​

> select digest('foo', 'sha256');
+------------------------------------------+
| digest(Utf8("foo"), Utf8("sha256"))      |
+------------------------------------------+
| <binary_hash_result>                     |
+------------------------------------------+

md5​

Computes an MD5 128-bit checksum for a string expression.

md5(expression)

Arguments​

  • expression: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select md5('foo');
+-------------------------------------+
| md5(Utf8("foo"))                    |
+-------------------------------------+
| <md5_checksum_result>               |
+-------------------------------------+

sha224​

Computes the SHA-224 hash of a binary string.

sha224(expression)

Arguments​

  • expression: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select sha224('foo');
+------------------------------------------+
| sha224(Utf8("foo"))                      |
+------------------------------------------+
| <sha224_hash_result>                     |
+------------------------------------------+

sha256​

Computes the SHA-256 hash of a binary string.

sha256(expression)

Arguments​

  • expression: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select sha256('foo');
+--------------------------------------+
| sha256(Utf8("foo"))                  |
+--------------------------------------+
| <sha256_hash_result>                 |
+--------------------------------------+

sha384​

Computes the SHA-384 hash of a binary string.

sha384(expression)

Arguments​

  • expression: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select sha384('foo');
+-----------------------------------------+
| sha384(Utf8("foo"))                     |
+-----------------------------------------+
| <sha384_hash_result>                    |
+-----------------------------------------+

sha512​

Computes the SHA-512 hash of a binary string.

sha512(expression)

Arguments​

  • expression: String expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select sha512('foo');
+-------------------------------------------+
| sha512(Utf8("foo"))                       |
+-------------------------------------------+
| <sha512_hash_result>                      |
+-------------------------------------------+

Union Functions​

Functions to work with the union data type, also know as tagged unions, variant types, enums or sum types. Note: Not related to the SQL UNION operator

union_extract​

Returns the value of the given field in the union when selected, or NULL otherwise.

union_extract(union, field_name)

Arguments​

  • union: Union expression to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • field_name: String expression to operate on. Must be a constant.

Example​

❯ select union_column, union_extract(union_column, 'a'), union_extract(union_column, 'b') from table_with_union;
+--------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| union_column | union_extract(union_column, 'a') | union_extract(union_column, 'b') |
+--------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| {a=1}        | 1                                |                                  |
| {b=3.0}      |                                  | 3.0                              |
| {a=4}        | 4                                |                                  |
| {b=}         |                                  |                                  |
| {a=}         |                                  |                                  |
+--------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

Other Functions​

arrow_cast​

Casts a value to a specific Arrow data type.

arrow_cast(expression, datatype)

Arguments​

  • expression: Expression to cast. The expression can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.
  • datatype: Arrow data type name to cast to, as a string. The format is the same as that returned by [arrow_typeof]

Example​

> select arrow_cast(-5, 'Int8') as a,
  arrow_cast('foo', 'Dictionary(Int32, Utf8)') as b,
  arrow_cast('bar', 'LargeUtf8') as c,
  arrow_cast('2023-01-02T12:53:02', 'Timestamp(Microsecond, Some("+08:00"))') as d
  ;
+----+-----+-----+---------------------------+
| a  | b   | c   | d                         |
+----+-----+-----+---------------------------+
| -5 | foo | bar | 2023-01-02T12:53:02+08:00 |
+----+-----+-----+---------------------------+

arrow_typeof​

Returns the name of the underlying Arrow data type of the expression.

arrow_typeof(expression)

Arguments​

  • expression: Expression to evaluate. The expression can be a constant, column, or function, and any combination of operators.

Example​

> select arrow_typeof('foo'), arrow_typeof(1);
+---------------------------+------------------------+
| arrow_typeof(Utf8("foo")) | arrow_typeof(Int64(1)) |
+---------------------------+------------------------+
| Utf8                      | Int64                  |
+---------------------------+------------------------+

get_field​

Returns a field within a map or a struct with the given key. Note: most users invoke get_field indirectly via field access syntax such as my_struct_col['field_name'] which results in a call to get_field(my_struct_col, 'field_name').

get_field(expression1, expression2)

Arguments​

  • expression1: The map or struct to retrieve a field for.
  • expression2: The field name in the map or struct to retrieve data for. Must evaluate to a string.

Example​

> create table t (idx varchar, v varchar) as values ('data','fusion'), ('apache', 'arrow');
> select struct(idx, v) from t as c;
+-------------------------+
| struct(c.idx,c.v)       |
+-------------------------+
| {c0: data, c1: fusion}  |
| {c0: apache, c1: arrow} |
+-------------------------+
> select get_field((select struct(idx, v) from t), 'c0');
+-----------------------+
| struct(t.idx,t.v)[c0] |
+-----------------------+
| data                  |
| apache                |
+-----------------------+
> select get_field((select struct(idx, v) from t), 'c1');
+-----------------------+
| struct(t.idx,t.v)[c1] |
+-----------------------+
| fusion                |
| arrow                 |
+-----------------------+

JSON Functions​

json_contains​

Returns true if a JSON string has a specific key. This function is used for the ? operator.

json_contains(json, key)

Arguments​

  • json: JSON string to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function.
  • key: A key to check for existence in the JSON structure.

Example​

> select json_contains('{"a": {"b": 1}}', 'a');
+------------------------------------------------+
| json_contains(Utf8("{\"a\": {\"b\": 1}}"),"a") |
+------------------------------------------------+
| true                                           |
+------------------------------------------------+

> select json_contains('{"user": {"name": "John", "age": 30}}', 'user');
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| json_contains(Utf8("{\"user\": {\"name\": \"John\", \"age\": 30}}"),"user") |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+
| true                                                             |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+

> select json_contains('[1, 2, 3]', '1');
+----------------------------------------+
| json_contains(Utf8("[1, 2, 3]"),"1") |
+----------------------------------------+
| true                                   |
+----------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • ? operator

json_get​

Get a value from a JSON string by its "path". This function is used for the -> operator.

json_get(json, key)

Arguments​

  • json: JSON string to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function.
  • key: A key or array index specifying the path to the desired value.

Example​

> select json_get('{"a": {"b": 1}}', 'a', 'b');
+--------------------------------------------+
| json_get(Utf8("{\"a\": {\"b\": 1}}"),"a","b") |
+--------------------------------------------+
| 1                                          |
+--------------------------------------------+

> select json_get('{"user": {"name": "John", "contacts": {"email": "john@example.com"}}}', 'user', 'contacts', 'email');
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| json_get(Utf8("{\"user\": {\"name\": \"John\", \"contacts\": {\"email\": \"john@example.com\"}}}"),"user","contacts","email") |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| "john@example.com"                                                                                      |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

> select json_get('[{"id": 1}, {"id": 2}]', '1', 'id');
+------------------------------------------------+
| json_get(Utf8("[{\"id\": 1}, {\"id\": 2}]"),"1","id") |
+------------------------------------------------+
| 2                                              |
+------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • -> operator

json_get_str​

Get a string value from a JSON string by its "path".

json_get_str(json, key)

Arguments​

  • json: JSON string to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function.
  • key: A key or array index specifying the path to the desired string value.

Example​

> select json_get_str('{"user": {"name": "John"}}', 'user', 'name');
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| json_get_str(Utf8("{\"user\": {\"name\": \"John\"}}"),"user","name") |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
| John                                                       |
+----------------------------------------------------------+

> select json_get_str('["apple", "banana", "orange"]', '1');
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| json_get_str(Utf8("[\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]"),"1") |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| banana                                                |
+-----------------------------------------------------+

json_get_int​

Get an integer value from a JSON string by its "path".

json_get_int(json, key)

Arguments​

  • json: JSON string to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function.
  • key: A key or array index specifying the path to the desired integer value.

Example​

> select json_get_int('{"user": {"id": 12345, "age": 30}}', 'user', 'id');
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| json_get_int(Utf8("{\"user\": {\"id\": 12345, \"age\": 30}}"),"user","id") |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| 12345                                                       |
+------------------------------------------------------------+

> select json_get_int('[10, 20, 30]', '2');
+----------------------------------------+
| json_get_int(Utf8("[10, 20, 30]"),"2") |
+----------------------------------------+
| 30                                     |
+----------------------------------------+

json_get_float​

Get a float value from a JSON string by its "path".

json_get_float(json, key)

Arguments​

  • json: JSON string to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function.
  • key: A key or array index specifying the path to the desired float value.

Example​

> select json_get_float('{"product": {"price": 99.99, "weight": 1.5}}', 'product', 'price');
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| json_get_float(Utf8("{\"product\": {\"price\": 99.99, \"weight\": 1.5}}"),"product","price") |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 99.99                                                                       |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

> select json_get_float('[3.14, 2.718, 1.414]', '1');
+------------------------------------------------+
| json_get_float(Utf8("[3.14, 2.718, 1.414]"),"1") |
+------------------------------------------------+
| 2.718                                          |
+------------------------------------------------+

json_get_bool​

Get a boolean value from a JSON string by its "path".

json_get_bool(json, key)

Arguments​

  • json: JSON string to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function.
  • key: A key or array index specifying the path to the desired boolean value.

Example​

> select json_get_bool('{"settings": {"active": true, "notifications": false}}', 'settings', 'active');
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| json_get_bool(Utf8("{\"settings\": {\"active\": true, \"notifications\": false}}"),"settings","active") |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| true                                                                               |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

> select json_get_bool('[true, false, true]', '1');
+---------------------------------------------+
| json_get_bool(Utf8("[true, false, true]"),"1") |
+---------------------------------------------+
| false                                        |
+---------------------------------------------+

json_get_json​

Get a nested raw JSON string from a JSON string by its "path".

json_get_json(json, key)

Arguments​

  • json: JSON string to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function.
  • key: A key or array index specifying the path to the desired nested JSON value.

Example​

> select json_get_json('{"user": {"profile": {"name": "John", "age": 30}}}', 'user', 'profile');
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| json_get_json(Utf8("{\"user\": {\"profile\": {\"name\": \"John\", \"age\": 30}}}"),"user","profile") |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| {"name": "John", "age": 30}                                                                    |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

> select json_get_json('[{"id": 1}, {"id": 2}]', '1');
+------------------------------------------------+
| json_get_json(Utf8("[{\"id\": 1}, {\"id\": 2}]"),"1") |
+------------------------------------------------+
| {"id": 2}                                      |
+------------------------------------------------+

json_as_text​

Get any value from a JSON string by its "path", represented as a string. This function is used for the ->> operator.

json_as_text(json, key)

Arguments​

  • json: JSON string to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function.
  • key: A key or array index specifying the path to the desired value.

Example​

> select json_as_text('{"a": {"b": 1}}', 'a', 'b');
+------------------------------------------------+
| json_as_text(Utf8("{\"a\": {\"b\": 1}}"),"a","b") |
+------------------------------------------------+
| "1"                                            |
+------------------------------------------------+

> select json_as_text('{"user": {"details": {"age": 30, "active": true}}}', 'user', 'details');
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| json_as_text(Utf8("{\"user\": {\"details\": {\"age\": 30, \"active\": true}}}"),"user","details") |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| "{\"age\": 30, \"active\": true}"                                                           |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

> select json_as_text('["apple", "banana", "orange"]', '1');
+----------------------------------------------------+
| json_as_text(Utf8("[\"apple\", \"banana\", \"orange\"]"),"1") |
+----------------------------------------------------+
| "banana"                                            |
+----------------------------------------------------+

Aliases​

  • ->> operator

json_length​

Get the length of a JSON string or array.

json_length(json, key)

Arguments​

  • json: JSON string to operate on. Can be a constant, column, or function.

Example​

> select json_length('[1, 2, 3]');
+--------------------------------+
| json_length(Utf8("[1, 2, 3]")) |
+--------------------------------+
| 3                              |
+--------------------------------+

tip

Cast expressions with json_get are rewritten to the appropriate method, e.g.

select * from foo where json_get(attributes, 'bar')::string='ham'

Will be rewritten to:

select * from foo where json_get_str(attributes, 'bar')='ham'